Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and, when it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the map of Europe had been irrevocably changed.
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Peace of Westphalia, European settlements of 1648, which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War. The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. England, Poland, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire were the only European powers that were not represented at the two assemblies. Some scholars of international relations credit the ...(100 of 1018 words)
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the were several reasons for USSR decline.
1. the Economic Breakdown. USSR could not manage the economy well it put a lot of burden on its slow growing economy. their expenditure were more then their revenues. it was in proxy wars in various regions which proved costly to it.
2. Arms and Nuclear Race. USSR was in competition with USA in arms and nuclear race which was very expensive at that time with not developed technology. it burdened the economy more. it was not a success at first, many attempts were made to get success
3. Ideology. USSR's Ideology was the other reason for its decline. because their policies were very rigid and harsh. the decisions were carried out single highhandedly supreme leader. ideology (Communism) was very harsh and repressive.
4. harsh control and brutal policies lead to weak control of the other States so in DEC,1991 Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 countries.
The phrase "<span>nothing wrong in the maxim that to the victors belong the spoils" means that the winning political party will have the authority change current administration by the member of its party. so </span><span>Under such a system, President Andrew Jackson sought to replace existing office holders with members of his own party</span>
