Answer:
A. excrete sodium ions, B. decrease ECF.
Explanation:
We study about the role of sodium and water retaining hormones in controlling extracellular volume. Several natriuretic hormones may also contribute to the volume regulation. One of the most important natriuretic hormone is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). It is a peptide hormone and is released by the cardiac atrial muscle fibers.
Overstretching of atria which can result from excess blood volume, is the stimulus for the release of ANP. Once released it enters into circulation and acts on kidneys to increase the glomerular filteration rate. It also decreases the absorption of sodium from collecting ducts. In other words it increases the secretion of Na+ along with water thereby reducing the blood volume and volume of ECF.
The excess loss of salt along with water helps to compensate for the extra blood volume.
ANP or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) opposes RAAS i.e Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System.
The kidneys form the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside.
Answer:
The spill affected 70,000 sq mi (180,000 km 2) of the ocean.
Explanation:
Area: 2,500 to 68,000 sq mi (6,500 to 176,100 km²)
Decreased grassland habitat size caused by a warmer climate
Answer:
Genotype for AB: IA and IB
Genotype of for O: ii