The acetyl CoA produced <u>from pyruvate moves into the citric acid cycle to combine with oxaloacetate containing four carbon molecules.</u> This results in the formation of citric acid or citrate, which then undergoes a series of redox reactions to regenerate oxaloacetate.
Further explanation:
The citric acid cycle comprises a series of <u>eight steps forming a closed loop. </u>The four-carbon compound used in the initial step is regenerated in the final step of the cycle. <u>During glycolysis, the pyruvate, which is produced, undergoes either fermentation or aerobic respiration.</u> During aerobic respiration, the fate of pyruvate is to form either lactate or ethyl alcohol through fermentation. T<u>o enter the pathway of aerobic respiration, the pyruvate must be transformed into acetyl CoA. </u>The acetyl CoA, thus formed, can enter to begin the cycle.
During the citric acid cycle:
- Acetyl CoA (2C) reacts with oxaloacetate having four carbons to produce six carbon-containing compounds called citrate.
- In the next step, citrate is changed into its isomer, which is isocitrate.
- The isocitrate undergoes oxidation to form α-ketoglutarate (5C) while releasing carbon dioxide.
- This is followed by a decarboxylation reaction and simultaneous addition of CoA to form succinyl CoA in the fourth step.
- The succinate is formed from succinyl CoA when the later undergoes substrate-level phosphorylation.
- In the sixth step, two hydrogen molecules are removed from succinate to form fumarate.
- On the addition of a molecule of water, fumarate is transformed into malate.
- The final step involves oxidation of malate to regenerate oxaloacetate, which was initially used in the reaction.
- The cycle results in the overall production of one GTP or ATP, FADH2 and NADH in the reduced forms and two carbon dioxide molecules.
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Answer details:
Grade: High School
Chapter: The Citric Acid Cycle
Subject: Biology
Keywords:
Citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA, citrate, carbon dioxide, pyruvate, fermentation, aerobic respiration, substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH, FADH2, GTP, ATP.