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a) Identify factors that led to the Russian Revolution (1917).
The October Revolution in Russia in 1917 signified the collapse of Tsarist Russia and the establishment of a regime by the Bolsheviks and the leader of the Communist Party, Lenin. The main reason, among others, was the dissatisfaction of peasants and workers due to large class differences. The dissatisfaction of workers and peasants was preceded by several wars that Russia led and lost all, but the war with Turkey. Peasants barely survived in unreformed economic agricultural conditions. Workers fought for bigger rights in factories, for shortening working hours, but primacy was in waging wars, rather than dealing with economic issues and dissatisfaction of workers and peasants. Also, Emperor Nicholas spent more time dealing with his own family than on state issues. All this led to the general dissatisfaction of the people and the October Revolution.
b) Identify factors that led to the Mexican Revolution (1910–17).
Some of the factors that led to the Mexican Revolution were the dictatorship-like way of ruling that Porfirio Diaz exhibited for over 30 years, the exploitation and poor treatment of laborers, and the large disparity between rich and poor. While there is no definite cause for the Mexican Revolution, there were many factors that led to the decision to rebel against the government.
c) Explain how land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states in the 20th century.
The land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states in the 20th century when the older, land-based empires such as the Ottoman empire, the Russian empire, and the Qing empire collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors.
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The correct answer is - B. The Mongolian conquest of Persia ended a golden age, which was a peak period of Islamic literature, philosophy, medicine, and art.
The Mongols conquered Persia and destroyed lot of cities, killed lot of people, and put end to the Islamic Caliphates, though it has to be said that the Mongols were actually provoked, and initially were not the ones that were seeking war.
By conquering the region, the Mongols put an end to the so called Islamic Golden Age, when the Islamic literature, philosophy, art, medicine, culture as a whole, was at its peak. Unfortunately, even after the Mongols left, the Muslim countries never got back to their glorious and forward thinking ways, and the reason for that is that some of the most influential Islamic scholars declared the math as a work of the devil, which pretty much cut all further development in the Middle Ages, and still has big negative effects in the present.
