The Avignon papacy refers to the period from 1309 to 1376. This period was marked by the successive popes taking residence at Avignon, France, rather than in Rome, primarily because of the turbulence in Rome caused by the conflict between his predecessor and king Philip of France. A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French and under the influence of the French crown.
This greatly affected the state of the papacy. The papacy felt it necessary to prove themselves politically and economically. To this end, it was required for the papacy to pull off political schemes. This also led them to start selling off their service of repenting. A vast reorganization and centralization of administrative offices and reform measures for the clergy were affected. The Sacred College of Cardinals began to gain a stronger role in the government.
After the re-establishment of the papal capital in Rome in 1377, cardinals of the Sacred College selected a second pope, who assumed the vacant Avignon seat. This denoted the onset of the Great Schism. The Schism did not heal until 1417 and a succession of such antipopes was selected.
The church was divided into two popes. The second one was of French cardinal origin. Pope Clement VII and Pope Urban VI were reorganized by French and England respectively. The church was united by utilizing two approaches. One was through the mutual cession of both the popes and the other was through the securing of the resignation of the other pope. Later, however, it was reunited by an agreement.
The council in Besel fixed the agreement with the Emperor and the Hittites.
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the Soviet Union was becoming behind the U.S. wealthiest country on earth.
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The relationship between the church and the state towards the end of medieval times was chaotic. The pope and the monarchy were in constant power struggles. One such is example is the conflict between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The conflict between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII concerned the question of who got to appoint bishops and church officals. Henry believed that, as king, he had the right to appoint the bishops of the church. However, Pope Gregory VII denied these claims of power which set a of a power feud between the monarchy and papacy.
The original Manifest Destiny was a belief that God gave Americans the right, will, and purpose of controlling America from the east to west coast. In 1890, America finally reached this goal. Naturally, Americans still wanted to expand more, so the main change in manifest destiny in the 1900s was that America expanded beyond the borders of its original continent and into the Pacific. From this, some believe Manifest Destiny has never stopped, because the base idea of Manifest Destiny is to expand.
I hope this helps, it's what I remember from APUSH. If you need an example, in 1950 Hawaii became the 50th state, and how even after Cuba became formally independent in 1902, America still stayed in a position of dominance, which angered Cubans since America originally was supposed to help them escape tyranny, not become their new tyrant.