Sparta was focused on military training, and Athens on academics. Maybe you ran into Socrates the philosopher in Athens, and he started asking you odd questions. Or perhaps you noticed children being matched out of Sparta as you entered, possibly to be made to (if the rumors are true) fight wolves in the wilderness. You likely noticed the red plumes on Spartan helmets, and the blue on Athenian ones if any.
The Enlightenment was an extension of many of the ideas of the renaissance and reformation.
The first element of this is religious. The reformation and the rise of Protestantism broke the stranglehold of the Roman Catholic Church on Europe. Protestantism was inherently anticlerical, arguing for the importance of scripture and personal faith in salvation was exclusively mediated by church ritual and hierarchy.
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