In the very, very simplest terms, judging the validity of an argument starts centers around this process:
1) Identify the rhetoric (Lines of Argument) from the actual, formal reasons. Separate the persuasive language from the actual claims to truth and fact.
2) Analyze those reasons (claims to truth and fact) by identifying their logic (often in the Implicit Reasons) and evidence.
3) Test and evaluate the logic and evidence; identify logical errors and ask whether the evidence can and has been tested and objectively, repeatedly, factually verified.
The five main components of language are phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, and context. Along with grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, these components work together to create meaningful communication among individuals.-Hope this helps!
