The kingdoms of Portuguese and the Spanish were the first to sponsor voyages overseas.
A voyage is defined as a lengthy journey, frequently involving flying or sailing.
The Portuguese discovered the Atlantic archipelagos of Madeira and Azores, the coast of West Africa in 1434, and the sea route to India in 1498, which is often regarded as a very remarkable voyage because it established the Portuguese maritime and trade presence in Kerala and the Indian Ocean.
Ferdinand II and Isabella I, the Catholic kings of Aragon, Castile, and Leon in Spain, funded Columbus's transatlantic voyages.
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Governments typically had been either unitary or confederated. Or another way to say that is that they either focused on centralized power (in someone like a king) or particularized power -- the power in the parts of a kingdom rather than at the center.
So, for instance, in France (prior to its Revolution), all the power in the kingdom centered in the hands of the king. For 175 years, they didn't even have a meeting of the Estates General which was their version of a representative body. And the power of nobles on their lands was reduced while the king's power grew.
Meanwhile, in the German territories, there was a loose confederation called the Holy Roman Empire. One of the kings or princes held the title of "emperor," but he really had no imperial power. The confederated German states retained control over their own kingdoms or territories.
The American experiment mixed something of the best of both approaches. There would be strong central power in the federal government, but putting checks and balances on that power by retaining certain aspects of control in the hands of the states within the union.
I believe the centers of learning and art in the early middle ages were in monasteries.
