Explain the causes and consequences of sickle-cell anemia.

1 answer:

5 0

Sickle-cell anemia is inherited..It is a condition where there are not enough healthy red blood cells to carry enough oxygen through your body...There is no cure for sickle-cell anemia over time damage is done to your vital organs...

You might be interested in

You are a molecule of phosphorus. Choose a starting point in the process you would go through to move through the entire cycle.

noname [10]

Answer:

First I'd be found in rocks. Erosion would wash me into the soil. Then I'd be absorbed by plants, fungi or microorganisms so they can grow. Animals would get me by eating the plants or drinking the water that eroded the rock. The plants and animals die and I'm absorbed back into the soil.

Explanation:

Phosphorus Cycle Steps

The phosphorus cycle is a slow process, which involves five key steps.

Weathering

Since the main source of phosphorus is found in rocks, the first step of the phosphorus cycle involves the extraction of phosphorus from the rocks by weathering. Weather events, such as rain and other sources of erosion, result in phosphorus being washed into the soil.

Absorption by Plants and Animals

Once in the soil, plants, fungi, and microorganisms are able to absorb phosphorus and grow. In addition, phosphorus can also be washed into the local water systems. Plants can also directly absorb phosphorus from the water and grow. In addition to plants, animals also obtain phosphorus from drinking water and eating plants.

Return to the Environment via Decomposition

When plants and animals die, decomposition results in the return of phosphorus back to the environment via the water or soil.

Plants and animals in these environments can then use this phosphorus, and step 2 of the cycle is repeated.

Human Impact on the Phosphorus Cycle

Humans have had a significant impact on the phosphorus cycle due to a variety of human activities, such as the use of fertilizer, the distribution of food products, and artificial eutrophication. Fertilizers containing phosphorus add to the phosphorus levels in the soil and are particularly detrimental when such products are washed into local aquatic ecosystems. When phosphorus is added to waters at a rate typically achieved by natural processes, it is referred to as natural eutrophication. A natural supply of phosphorus over time provides nutrients to the water and serves to increase the productivity of that particular ecosystem. However, when foods are shipped from farms to cities, the substantial levels of Phosphorus that is drained into the water systems is called artificial or anthropogenic eutrophication. When levels of phosphorus are too high, the overabundance of plant nutrients serves to drive the excessive growth of algae. However, these algae die or form algae blooms, which are toxic to the plants and animals in the ecosystem. Thus, human activities serve to harm aquatic ecosystems, whenever excess amounts of phosphorus are leached into the water.

8 0

3 years ago

Proces

Alex777 [14]

Explanation:

-Q. How do membrane proteins aid in the movement of hydrophilic substances across the membrane?

Transport proteins spanning the plasma membrane facilitate the movement of ions and other complex, polar molecules which are typically prevented from moving across the membrane from the extracellular or intracellular space.

Lipids are composed of fatty acids which form the hydrophobic tail and glycerol which forms the hydrophilic head; glycerol is a 3-Carbon alcohol which is water soluble, while the fatty acid tail is a long chain hydrocarbon (hydrogens attached to a carbon backbone) with up to 36 carbons.

Their polarity or arrangement can give these non-polar macromolecules hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Via diffusion, small water molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer acts as a semi-permeable membrane into the extracellular fluid or the cytoplasm which are both hydrophilic and contain large concentrations of polar water molecules or other water-soluble compounds. The hydrophilic heads of the bilayer are attracted to water while their water-repellent hydrophobic tails face towards each other- allowing molecules of water to diffuse across the membrane along the concentration gradient.

Similarly via osmosis, molecules of water pass through the membrane due to the difference in osmotic pressure on either side of the phospholipid by layer this means that the water moves from regions of high osmotic pressure/concentration to regions of low pressure/ concentration to a steady state.

Transmembrane proteins are embedded within the membrane from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm, and are sometimes attached to glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates) which function as cell surface markers. Transport proteins are transmembrane proteins involed in moving molecules across the membrane.

There are two types:

Channels or pores are filled with water, enabling charged molecules to diffuse across the membrane, from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration down the concentration gradient -this is a passive part of facilitated diffusion. Channels may undergo minor changes to become open or closed whereas pores are always in open states e.g. H2O movement into and out of the cell via aquaporins.
Carrier proteins bind specifically bind to molecules and move them across or against concentration gradients. Unlike facilitated diffusion, carrier proteins directly or indirectly use energy in the form of ATP and modify solute specific regions, that aid in regulating ion exchange, through the hydrophobic layer of the plasma membrane- this is called active transport. e.g. Na+/K+transported by the enzyme ATPase

Learn more about membrane components at brainly.com/question/1971706

Learn more about plasma membrane transport at brainly.com/question/11410881

#LearnWithBrainly