C. the word Have shows you it is past tense but it does not end in ed so it is no a past participle.
Answer:
this phrase is a gerund phrase
Pros:
- Provides stability, keeps judgements neutral, intended to be guided by the constitution, can lead to judicial legitimacy
Cons:
- Can further the ideologies of Conservatives, keeps the law stuck in the past, there are lots of questions about interpretations