The "great act" referred to by Senator Sumner in this excerpt is "The addition of Hiram Rhodes Revels to the U.S. Senate."
What Senator Charles Sumter said in 1870 was the following: "All men are created equal, says the great Declaration and now a great act attests this verity. Today we make the Declaration a reality. ... The Declaration was only half established by Independence. The greatest duty remained behind. In assuring the equal rights of all we complete the work."
Hiram Revels became the first African American to enter the Senate of the United States Congress when the Republicans supported him on February 25, 1870.
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Answer:The three main ways the Constitution protects against tyranny are by using Federalism to make the state government more powerful and balance it with the central government, equally dividing the power of government between the three branches and making it possible for the three branches of government to check each other
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Islam in W. Africa was simply a consequence of trade, unlike Christianity in China. The comparison, I believe lies in the relative spiritual needs of the elites in both places. Chinese elites had rejected Buddhism for the most part, and Confucianism alone leaves much to be desired with regard to spiritualism. Chinese lower classes benefited from a blend of Buddhism/Confucianism.
In W. Africa, it was the elites more than the lower classes exposed to Islam because trade was the social engine, and well regarded, and elites participated. The lower classes on the other hand had less exposure and were content with the ancient animist traditions extant in W. Africa.
We can see a similar trend in the recent history of the West. Upper-class, more educated, people are increasingly secular, while religion tends to remain the enclave of the lower and working classes.
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