Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States naval officer and historian. His book <em>The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783</em> (1890) was widely acclaimed, especially in Europe.
In his book, Mahan argued that the power a nation has depends predominantly on its dominance of the seas. He also argued that the economic future of the U. S. depended on getting new markets abroad. This required an end to isolationism. It also required a powerful navy to protect these markets from foreign rivals.
It would be the "Eighth Amendment" that <span>protects citizens from cruel or unusual punishment, since the Founding Fathers wanted to ensure that the US government did not endorse or practice any type of tyranny. </span>
Slavery occurred throughout the continent from the period of British colonization, in 1788-1868. specific groups of people including convicts, indigenous Australians and people transported from Asia and the pacific islands were made to labor in conditions which were either unpaid or under unilateral indenture contracts which were commonly not fulfilled.
1.melody short phrases, large leaps
Towards the end of the past century composers as Steve Reich La Monte Young, Philip Glass, they began to explore what is now called minimalism, in which the music is stripped down to its most fundamental features; the music often features repetition and iteration. An early example is Terry Riley's In C from 1964, perhaps a random work in which short phrases are chosen by the musicians from a set list and played an arbitrary number of times, while the note C is repeated in quavers behind them. Philip Glass works are on the most representative perhaps also featuring as soundtracks of movies.
2, harmony mixed meter
This caused a very new sensation with an extreme irregular rhytm. While time signatures usually express a regular pattern of beat stresses continuing through a piece (sometimes a section), sometimes composers place a different time signature at the beginning of each bar, resulting in music with an extremely irregular rhythmic feel.
Examples;Promenade -- Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) The opening already shows signs of this implement
3· rhythm atonality
Atonality first began as a pejorative term to condemn music in which chords were organized seemingly with no apparent coherence. the term describes music that does not conform to the system of tonal hierarchies that were traditionally seen in classical European music between the 1700's and 1900'a centuries Example; ending Schoenberg's "George Lieder" Op. 15/1
4.dynamics extremes
some pieces started to use additional markings of further emphasis. Extreme dynamic markings introduced an extreme range of loudness, or, and sometimes accompanied with very small differences of loudness within a normal range, this huge change was made possible with the orchestration of the work, usually using many loud instruments like brass and percussion playing at once. It became more widespread in late 1900s.
