The battle of Stalingrad was the major turning point.
The industrial revolution was a process of technological, social, and economic transformation that started in the United Kingdom at the end of the 18th-century, then expanded to other regions in Europe and North-America and later transformed the world economy. The industrial revolution impacted on several areas of human activities:
Politics: during the industrial revolution printing systems were improved and developed which allowed publishing a greater number of newspapers and political pamphlets. This gave birth to the public opinion, to journalism as a profession that watches over the political agenda, and it made possible to transfer and exchange political ideas among the general public. Modern democracy was designed according to these communication technologies that were invented during the Industrial Revolution.
Economy: the industrial revolution saw the rise of railways and bigger and faster transport ships, which allowed to increase the number of traded goods among different markets. It increased the general production and profit of industrial countries.
Society: during this period, many innovations were created in order to solve daily problems. Inventions like the telephone, the car, and the airplane, permitted common people to have access to instant communication and to travel long distances in less time. Also, the development of modern medicine helped to improve the quality of life.
Earliest human migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents began 2 million years ago with the migration out of Africa of Homo erectus. This was followed by the migrations of other pre-modern humans including H. heidelbergensis, the likely ancestor of both modern humans and Neanderthals. Finally, Homo sapiens ventured out of Africa around 100,000 years ago, spread across Asia around 60,000 years ago and arrived on new continents and islands since then.
Knowledge of early human migrations, a major topic of archeology, has been achieved by the study of human fossils, occasionally by stone-age artifacts and more recently has been assisted by archaeogenetics. Cultural and ethnic migrations are estimated by combining archaeogenetics and comparative linguistics.
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