Latitude refers to vertical radial distance from the equator, and longitude refers to horizontal radial distance from the prime meridian whose location was decided arbitrarily. It is a pair of degree measures which goes up to 90 degrees, dictating how many degrees an object is from one of the two lines.
I’m not sure if I’m fully correct but- if my memory serves me right-
I think it was because the 12 tribes were named after sons or grandsons of Jacob
False east coast of south america has a warmer current than the west coast of south America
Australia is smallest, Eurasia biggest, Madagascar largest island