Historians and archaeologists have three methods to reconstruct history: through primary sources, secondary sources and the oral history. Primary sources include the artifacts, videos and letters; while secondary sources are through books and reports. Oral history, on the other hand, are not written sources. They are passed on to generations through stories, songs, and may manifest in their customs and traditions.
The Ptolemaic or geocentric model, which had been studied by the Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy, was overturn during the Reinaissance, when the heliocentric model was promoted and started to be generally accepted.
The geocentric model stated that all astronomical objects: the sun, the moon, the stars, and planets all orbited around the Earth. In opposition, the heliocentric model states that the Earth and other bodies are orbiting around the Sun, which is the center of the Solar System.
After questioning the pre-established and generally accepted theory, the development of a mathematical model of the heliocentric system was done in the 16th century, during the Renaissance, by the mathematican, astronomer and also priest Nicolaus Copernicus. It led to the denominated Copernican revolution, which used the scientific method to overturn a previous wrong conception of the universe.
The United States did not directly engage in battle.
In order to answer this you need previously to know that by a proxy war:
by definition:
is an armed conflict between two states which act on instigating third parties, usually setting terrain where hostilities take place. there must be a direct, long-term relationship between external actors and the belligerent groups involved.
Clearly there was no direct fighting between Soviet and American troops, still, the mujahedeen were economically assisted and tactically aided by Us officers whereas, to the counterpart, the communist local government that was supporting assistance from the Soviet side also was given financial and military assistance. In this ideological confrontations, the external powers do not engage in open and direct warfare, rather, the intermediate or states in between are the terrain for the war to be carried.
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