In rheumatoid Arthritis patients, NK cell levels were abnormally elevated, possibly due to high serum levels of IL-2.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is an autoimmune disease that means our own immune system attacks self healthy cells in the body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling),mainly attacks the joints.
The given study is to investigate the relationship between serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels and disease activity.
This study also showed the relationship between absolute numbers of peripheral lymphocyte subsets, autoantibodies, and associated cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
The results showed that the number and percentage of NK cells were positively correlated with serum IL-2 levels so, IL-2 can be a reason for elevated level of NK cells
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If a plant cell had a mutation such that the cyclic electron flow is observed at a much higher rate, which photosystem is most likely mutated such that energy is absorbed at a lower rate?
PSI
PSII
Answer:
PSII
Explanation:
Non-cyclic phosphorylation involves both PSI and PSII. The process starts with the splitting of water and excitation of electrons of the reaction center of PSII upon the absorption of solar energy at the wavelength of 680 nm. Any mutation in PSII would not allow the non-cyclic phosphorylation to occur when only cyclic phosphorylation would occur. The process of cyclic phosphorylation includes only PS I. Its reaction center absorbs maximum light at 700 nm and is cycled back while supporting ATP synthesis. Therefore, if a plant performs cyclic phosphorylation at a higher rate and absorbs less energy, this means that mutation was in PSII.
