The whole XIX century is a long period of time, it would be easier to divide this answer into three periods.
During the first period, farming and hunting were the main industry, it was so isolated there wasn't much inside trade. The gold rush and the railroads changed that quickly, the first one moved a significant population to the West, the most common industry was now mining, it didn't last long, the "easy gold" wasn't as much and as attainable, but the increase in population and the improvement of communications with the arrival of telegraphy and railroads made internal trade, like saloons, inns and stores became the most common.
It was signed after japan gained full sovereignty at the end of the allied occupation. Bilateral talks on revising the 1951 security pact began in 1959, and the new treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was signed in Washington on January 19, 1960.
To give consumers freedom of choice.
It is true that a free enterprise system gives much freedom also to business, but to say it "allows businesses free rein" goes too far. Even in a free enterprise system, there may be regulations and safeguards that will protect against abusive business practices. And while a free enterprise system is not directly controlled by government, it is a more fundamental purpose of free enterprise to give consumers the freedom to make their own economic choices.
In the north, in contrast to the south, the system of slavery brought little profit, and the costs demanded largely, and therefore economically was unprofitable. Therefore from it gradually began to refuse and to get rid of slaves.
Free slaves in the North could have tiny farms, sometimes-shop-benches, and workshops, which were visited exclusively by their brethren on the color of the skin. White was condescending to this, sincerely rejoicing in his "democratism."
Japanese Imperial family had been around for milleniums, but Chinese Imperial family changed each time the dynasty had changed.
Why? While Chinese emperor was like a 'King' who ruled the country by power, Japanese emperor was more like the 'pope' who have had power at one stage but later turned into nothing but a subject of religious belief.
In China, the country had 13 different dynasties over 4 milleniums up until early 20th century when the 'Last Emperor' resigned. Each Imeprial family was extincted when a new one arose. The country was basically ruled by the Emperors throughout the history with exceptions of the periods of civil wars.
In Japan, the Imperial family was only in charge of the country before 11th century, and the small period after the Meiji Restoration and before WWII ended.
