Well to I don't know what you mean by in the following cases but, a dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured and also relies on the independent. While on the other hand the independent variable is the variable that is being changed or controlled.
I would probably say d because Intraspecific competition is an interaction in population ecology, whereby members of the same species compete for limited resources. This leads to a reduction in fitness for both individuals, but the more fit individual survives and is able to reproduce.
Answer:
1 dangerous mutations
Explanation:
Cloning could mutation but it's obvious because to clone you'll have to put something into the person to make every thing realistic.