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While the rest of the world's economy grew at an annual rate of close to 2 percent from 1960 to 2002, growth performance in Africa has been dismal. From 1974 through the mid-1990s, growth was negative, reaching negative 1.5 percent in 1990-4. As a consequence, hundreds of millions of African citizens have become poor: one half of the African continent lives below the poverty line. In sub-Saharan Africa, per capita GDP is now less than it was in 1974, having declined over 11 percent. In 1970, one in ten poor citizens in the world lived in Africa; by 2000, the number was closer to one in two. That trend translates into 360 million poor Africans in 2000, compared to 140 million in 1975.
In The Economic Tragedy of the XXth Century: Growth in Africa (NBER Working Paper No. 9865), authors Elsa Artadi and Xavier Sala-i-Martin review both the deteriorating economic status of the African continent and the ways in which rich nations, as well as the African nations themselves, might help the poor nations of the continent.
Using the robust econometric determinants of economic growth in a cross-section of countries, the authors pinpoint the most important factors behind the tragedy. The first culprit has been the lack of investment. Over the past 40 years the investment rate in Africa has fallen. Since 1975 the investment rate has declined to 8.5 percent for the whole continent, compared to investment rates for the average-performing OECD economy of between 20 and 25 percent, and for East-Asian economies of 30 percent. Furthermore, most of the investment was skewed in the direction of the inefficient public sector. Recent reforms in Africa have raised the investment rate, but only slightly.Explanation:
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1:The mountains and deserts around the Indus River Valley were also important because they protected the river valleys from invasion by nomadic warriors. All of these geographical advantages enabled the development of prosperous civilizations along the rivers of India.
2:Himlayan mountains
3:While too little rainfall during the summer monsoon can cause dire conditions for farmers on land, too much rainfall and overly strong winds can make coastal waters unsafe, preventing fishermen throughout South Asia from heading to sea to catch the fish they depend on for income.
4:The Indus River Valley Civilization, also known as Harappan civilization, developed the first accurate system of standardized weights and measures, some as accurate as to 1.6 mm. Harappans created sculpture, seals, pottery, and jewelry from materials, such as terracotta, metal, and stone.
7Aryan, name originally given to a people who were said to speak an archaic Indo-European language and who were thought to have settled in prehistoric times in ancient Iran and the northern Indian subcontinent.
Explanation:
<span>As the renaissance movement continued to evolve, individual achievement eventually emerged as one of the period's most common and famous themes. This subject matter played a prominent role in the book, The Prince, which was written by philosopher, historian, humanist and author Niccolo Machiavelli.</span>
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(a) Powers set aside for states use by the constitution (b) The constitution is binding on all authorities and persons throughout the federation (c) Powers given to federal government and states government to legislate on certain issues. (d) Fundamental human right of the citizens shall not be deprived without following the due process established by the constitution (e) Powers which are not directly given to a level of government to exercise power on such issues.
Explanation:
A federal constitution is a body of fundamental laws which clearly shows the powers given by the constitution to various levels of government within a federal state. A federal constitution is the supreme point of legal reference for all cases within a federation. A federal constitution separates powers such as
Reserved powers under the 10th Amendment :This is the powers the constitution set aside for the use of states in matters that concerned them. They are given the powers to make decisions on those matters that concern them without waiting for federal government to decide for them for example on road matters.
Supremacy of the constitution : This is a term which shows that the constitution is supreme and that its provisions shall have a binding force on all authorities and persons throughout the federation. If any other laws is inconsistent with the provisions of the constitution, then the constitution shall prevail, while such laws shall be declared null and void.
Concurrent powers under the 9th Amendment : This is the powers given by the constitution to federal government and states government to legislate on certain issues .but in order to eliminate crisis and confusion in the event of any conflict arising as a result of interest between the state and federal laws on these issues, then the federal laws take pre- eminence over those of state. For example issues such as education, health, sports and so on.
Due process powers under the 14th Amendment : This is the powers which states that citizens fundamental human right such as right to life, right to dignity of human persons, right to personal liberty and so on shall not be taken away from them except by following the due process stipulated by the constitution for such right to be deprived.
Implied power under Article iv : These are the powers which are not directly given to level of government but which is assumed that a level of government can exercise power on such issues because they are found to be the same with issues which are given to them by the constitution to legislate upon.
