Generally speaking, it was "weapons" that was not something that the British wanted to get from the Chinese, since these were easily made in Great Britain so there was no need to import them.
The president cannot make laws. Only the legislative branch (the Congress) can make laws. But the president can certainly veto laws and make official appointments. And as commander-in-chief of the military, the president also oversees the armed forces. So the only power in your list that the president does NOT have is to make laws.
The revolution which more directly captured the spirit of the Enlightenment was the French one. The French revolution was based on three basic principles: equality, freedom, brotherhood.
These three principles were also things which depicted enlightenment as a period extremelly well.
