The government of Sudan has been associated with sponsoring Janjaweed, an Arab militia that has been spreading terror especially in the Darfur region.
The Janjaweed has its origins in the long-running civil war that gripped one of Sudan's neighbors, Chad in 1980. The Sudanese government gave arms and ammunition to Arab - speaking Abbala nomads and enlisted them to act as an armed deterrent against Chadian incursions into Sudan during that time. This group together with another tribe from Chad's border later joined to form the basis of the Janjaweed
east of the Arabian Peninsula
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Lee lead 2 invasions on the North. One led to Antietam in 1862. The other led to Gettysburg in 1863.
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This study offers a comparison of the differing architectural styles and forms in the Norman Kingdoms of Sicily and England, exploring what exactly differed, as well as attempting to determine why such differences exist in each area. In the Kingdom of England, the Normans largely imported their own forms from Normandy, incorporating little of the Anglo-Saxon architectural heritage. There are in fact examples of seemingly deliberate attempts to eliminate important Anglo-Saxon buildings and replace them with structures built along Norman lines. By contrast, in the Kingdom of Sicily, buildings erected after the arrival of the Normans feature a mix of styles, incorporating features of the earlier Islamic, Byzantine and local Italian Romanesque, as well as the Normans' own forms. It is difficult to say why such variance existed, but there are numerous possibilities. Some result from the way each state was formed: England had already existed as a kingdom when the Normans conquered the land and replaced the ruling class, while the Kingdom of Sicily was a creation of the Norman conquerors; furthermore, the length of time taken to complete the conquest contrasted greatly. Another reason is that the pre-conquest cultural situation varied, as England was overwhelmingly Anglo-Saxon, in juxtaposition to the Italian, Byzantine and Arab elements in the Mezzogiorno and Sicily. Additionally, the cultural and trading influence of the Byzantine Empire and Islamic nations may have contributed to the eclectic architecture found in the Kingdom of Sicily. Other forms of cultural and artistic expression in the Kingdom of Sicily likewise show a cultural blend absent in England. Finally, there will be a brief look at the political and social situation in the two realms, in order to understand if these cultural expressions are representative of dissimilar societies and models of government. In the Kingdom of Sicily, a number of non-Normans rose to prominence, and some families which had held power before continued to do so. In England, the Norman nobility was much larger and held far more high-ranking positions. Architectural differences are therefore somewhat symbolic.
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During his annual address to Congress, President James Monroe proclaims a new U.S. foreign policy initiative that becomes known as the “Monroe Doctrine.” Primarily the work of Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, the Monroe Doctrine forbade European interference in the American hemisphere but also asserted U.S. neutrality in regard to future European conflicts.
The origins of the Monroe Doctrine stem from attempts by several European powers to reassert their influence in the Americas in the early 1820s. In North America, Russia had attempted to expand its influence in the Alaska territory, and in Central and South America the U.S. government feared a Spanish colonial resurgence. Britain too was actively seeking a major role in the political and economic future of the Americas, and Adams feared a subservient role for the United States in an Anglo-American alliance.
The United States invoked the Monroe Doctrine to defend its increasingly imperialistic role in the Americas in the mid-19th century, but it was not until the Spanish-American War in 1898 that the United States declared war against a European power over its interference in the American hemisphere. The isolationist position of the Monroe Doctrine was also a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy in the 19th century, and it took the two world wars of the 20th century to draw a hesitant America into its new role as a major global power.
