While the English Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was hailed as a "keeper of the peace" by many, his inaction against Nazi Germany after the annexation of the Sudetenland (in Czechoslovakia) and the Anschluss could be argued to have been foolish. Germany was quite weak early on, and an organized battle with the League of Nations could have fairly easily returned order Europe.
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Popular vote is the vote of the citizens. It is basically the direct vote that the candidate receives from the masses. In the U.S however, the Electoral College (made up of 538 electors) is what is used to elect Presidents. So it is possible to win the popular vote, and still lose the presidential election (If the person does not win at the Electoral College).
However, when the masses cast popular vote, the vote goes to the electoral college, and most times, the members of the electoral college reflect the popular vote in their state.
If Madison has a difficulty in checking fine details she then has a problem in visual acuity. This means the clearness of a vision. This is the function of the retina. Hope this is the answer and would be of help.