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fiasKO [112]
2 years ago
11

What is heaven backwards?

Computers and Technology
2 answers:
sweet-ann [11.9K]2 years ago
5 0
It is Nevaeh backwards hope that helps! :3 and feel free to pm me if you have anymore questions! :3
masya89 [10]2 years ago
4 0
Lol it's neveah. Is this really a question XD
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One of the earlier applications of crypto-graphic hash functions was the storage of passwords to authenticate usersin computer s
vagabundo [1.1K]

Answer: provided in the explanation part.

Explanation:

This is actually quite long but nevertheless i will make it as basic as possible.

Question (a)  

Attack A:

One way property of hash means that we can't find the input string if given the hash value. The calculation of hash from input string is possible but it is not possible to calculate the input string when given the hash. If the hash function is properly created to have one-way property then there is no way of finding the exact input string. So this attack won't work as the one-way property of hash function can't be broken if the hash function is properly created.

Attack B:

Suppose h() is the hash function. And h(x) = m where x is the string and m is the hash. Then trying to find another string y such that h(y) = m is called finding out the second pre-image of the hash.

Although we can't know the exact initial string for sure, we can by using brute force method find out a second preimage.

This attack will take a very long time. It has the time complexity of 2n. It requires the attacker to have an idea about the kind of passwords that might be used and then brute force all of them to find the string that has the same hash. Each try will have a chance of 1/2n to succeed.

Rainbow attack using rainbow table is often used for such brute-force attack. This comprises a rainbow table which contains passwords and their pre-hashed values.

Therefore, it is not possible to determine the second preimages of h so easily.

Attack C:

Collisions refer to finding out m and m' without knowing any of them. Finding out collisions is easier than finding preimages. This is because after finding out 2n pairs of input/output. The probability of two of them having the same output or hash becomes very high. The disadvantage is that we can't decide which user's hash to break. However, if I do not care about a particular user but want to get as many passwords as possible, then this method is the most feasible.

It has the time complexity of 2n/2.

Hence, this is the attack which has the most success rate in this scenario.

Question (b)

The brute force way of finding out the password usually involves using a rainbow attack. It comprises a rainbow table with millions of passwords and their hashes already computed. By matching that table against the database, the password can be recovered.

Therefore it is often preferred to salt the password. It means we add some random text to the password before calculating the hash.

The salts are usually long strings. Although users usually do not select long passwords, so a rainbow table with hashes of smaller passwords is feasible. But once salt is used, the rainbow table must accommodate for the salt also. This makes it difficult computationally. Although password might be found in the rainbow table. The salt can be anything and thus, make brute-force a LOT more difficult computationally.

Therefore salt is preferred to be added to passwords before computing their hash value.

Question (c)

A hash output length of 80 means there can be exactly 280 different hash values. This means there is at least one collision if 280+1 random strings are hashed because 280 values are used to accommodate all the possible strings. It is not hard with today's computation power to do match against more than this many strings. And doing so increases the probability of exposing a probable password of a user.

Hence, 80 is not a very secure value for the hash length.

cheers i hope this helps!!!!

6 0
3 years ago
How can I link two classes together with spigot to make it so I can open a method within the said class. Trying to open my class
Andreyy89

Answer:

add the following code to your bar class

Explanation:

public Bar(Commands n) { }

5 0
2 years ago
What happens when your project is rendered?
jok3333 [9.3K]

Answer:

B

Explanation:

when your rendering video project your computer is processing all the data that goes into creating images you experience video rendering every time you look at your computer the images on your screen has all been rendered to produce the website photo or video you are looking at

4 0
2 years ago
CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) codes consist of 3-4 numbers representing a unique service. True False
xz_007 [3.2K]
This is in fact false to my knowledge
4 0
3 years ago
Assume you have an XML Tree variable called quiz initialized with the following valid XML document. You are not required to draw
blagie [28]

Answer:

See explaination.

Explanation:

question is the root element which have two children one is M-C and other is Coding.

Again M-C have two sub children Points and parts

Note: The tree will be as shown in the attachment. kindly refer to attachment.

Here if we see the child of quiz(questions) at 0 position is number of type M-C and another child at location 1 is number of type Coding.

Now quiz.child(0) is number of type M-C which has two child and child at 0 is Points and child at 1 is Parts

quiz.child(0).child(1) is Points and now further points doesn't have any children hence going further to quiz.child(0).child(1).child(0) is nothing hence it will not return anything.

Next quiz.child(1) is number of type coding and value is 5.

Size of the tree is (2^depth)-1

and here depth of tree is 3 hence size is (2^3)-1 i.e. 7

8 0
3 years ago
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