It had european troops i pretty sure
Trans-Saharan trade requires travel across the Sahara between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. While existing from prehistoric times, the peak of trade extended from the 8th century until the early 17th century. ... Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara (Ahaggar) from 4000 to 3500 BC.
The main reason why Alexis de Tocqueville traveled to the united states was to observe American democracy in action, and to take note of what worked and what didn't, as many European countries were going through democratic revolutions of their own.
So, the third one.
The trade exchanges had several positive affect on the city of Timbuktu. The city started becoming wealthy due to numerous trade exchanges. This wealth attracted many people from outside and made the city of Timbuktu very powerful. I hope that this is the answer that has come to your desired help.
