The massive migration and the subsequent rapid settlement of the continental USA were fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail (large-wheeled wagon road and emigrant trail in the United States that combined the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon) and a belief in "manifest destiny", the idea that its settlers were designed to expand across North America. This expansion began with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The president Thomas Jefferson bought the territory from the French for $15 million, and worked in the creation of an expansionist mentality. As a result this migration is also called Westward Expansion.
Islamic reform movements disagree with fundamentalist beliefs because they believe in a different reading and interpretation of Islamic texts and scholarships that are not as extremist or fundamentalist as these groups believe in. Reform movements also often believe that Islamic texts can be reinterpreted with time and that they must be adapted to changing norms and contexts of modernization which fundamentalists ardently disagree with. Fundamentalists largely do not believe in the interpretation of the Qu'ran or Hadiths and take a very literal interpretation of these texts as how Islamic life should be governed even today.
Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism, and Mohism all began during the Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century BCE, and had very strong influences on Chinese civilization.
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The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War.
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The war in Europe ended on May 8, 1945
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