You forgot to add the questions: a, b, c, d. The answer if I'm not mistaken A. New Lights and Old Lights founded colleges to train new ministers.
They were all afraid of alienating voters. Since voters decided their fate, they didn't want to take any strong stances on anything and just went with the flow and played the tune that the people wanted to hear. They needed to stay in power and not lose it for taking a serious stance.
Answer:
Simon Bolivar
Explanation:
Simon Bolivar led most of the independence campaigns in South America. The passage in the question is the statement of Bolivar how he sees the situation in South America after defeating Spanish rule. His help in getting victory first in his native country Venezuela where he was able to raise an army to fight for independence. Ecuador, Columbia, Bolivia, and Peru are some of the nations gained independence with Simon Bolivar's effort.
As a result of the Spanish-Cuban-Filipe-American War the U.S. got the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, Philipines and turned Cuba into some sort of protectorate. This war was also used by the U.S. as an opportunity to annex Hawaii.
Because of all these new territories that the U.S. annexed in order to have more consumer market for its goods, American goods had open access to the Pacific and from there to China. The U.S. was on the path to become one of the bigger economies of the world.
Columbus established settlements on the islands of Hispaniola and the Bahamas
Balboa founded Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien in Panama
Cartier discovered and claimed Canada for France
Champlain founded New France and Quebec City
Based on this information, I would say the answer is Cartier, since he did not start any settlements. He only <em>discovered</em> Canada.
