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nadya68 [22]
3 years ago
7

What are the two main ways that scientists learn about Earth's interior and what do these two things indicate?

Biology
2 answers:
oksano4ka [1.4K]3 years ago
5 0
Scientists use seismic waves from earthquakes to study the interior and the Earth's magnetic field. The seismic waves indicate the mantle is molten rock that flows like plastic, the outer core is completly molten rock, and the inner core is a solid ball of iron. The magnetic field indicates the inner core is spinning faster than the rest of the planet
Marta_Voda [28]3 years ago
3 0

The two main ways that scientists learn about Earth's interior is by studying the data collected by  body waves and surface waves. The body waves travel in the interior part of the earth in all direction while the  surface waves travel along the surface of the Earth. Now these body waves can travel through all liquids and solids while the surface waves can travel through only solids. The physical characteristics studied are density and state of material to which these waves respond and studying their seismographic recording would give a description of the composition of the Earth’s interior.

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A DNA fragment is introduced into the lacZ gene of a plasmid, which also contains an ampicillin resistance gene. What is the app
zhenek [66]

Answer: The bacteria transformed with this particular plasmid will form white colonies on the plates containing ampicillin and Xgal.

Explanation: The lacZ gene produces an enzyme called β-galactosidase which is responsible for the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose. The lacZ gene is one of the three genes (the other two being lacA and lacY) of the lac operon which is responsible for the transport and mechanism of lactose in E. coli and many other bacteria.

In recombinant DNA technology, when a plasmid is to be used to transform a host cell, such markers are used to help screen the transformed cells from the ones that have not taken up the plasmid. Xgal present in the plates is an artificial substrate which is hydrolyzed by

β-galactosidase into 5-bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl which will dimerize and oxidise into 5,5'-dibromo-4,4'dichloro-indigo. This is a blue pigment which will give blue color to the bacterial cells. Introducing a DNA fragment in this lacZ gene will make it non-functional so it will not be able to produce the enzyme.

Therefore, when a bacterial cell is transformed with a plasmid containing ampicillin resistance gene and a DNA fragment introduced in the lacZ gene and then grown on plates containing ampicillin and Xgal, white colored colonies will appear. The white colonies will show the bacterial cells that have successfully taken up the plasmid with the DNA fragment incorporated in the lacZ gene as this will render the gene non-functional and will not produce β-galactosidase which will breakdown Xgal to give blue colonies. Since the plates contain ampicillin, only the bacterial cells that have been successfully transformed with the plasmid ( the ones that have the DNA fragment and the ones without it) will grow as the ampicillin resistance will give them resistance against ampicillin in the plates. The bacterial cells that have not taken up the plasmid will not be resistant to ampicillin and will not form colonies on the plate.

This is called blue-white screening which is used to identify successfully transformed host cells. A picture of this is given in the attachment, taken from the following website:

https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Blue_&_White_Colonies.html

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