These two cases demonstrate the Equifinality of developmental psychopathology.
<h3>
What is Equifinality?</h3>
- Equifinality is the principle that in open systems, a particular end state can be attained through a variety of possible routes.
- Hans Driesch, a developmental biologist, coined the name and concept, which was later adopted by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the inventor of general systems theory, and William T. Powers, the founder of perceptual control theory.
- In defining the same or convergent behavior of complex systems, Driesch and von Bertalanffy choose this term over "goal."
- Powers simply emphasized response flexibility, emphasizing that the same end state can be attained via a variety of paths or trajectories.
Therefore, in the given situation Marie is, the two cases demonstrate the Equifinality of developmental psychopathology.
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He was critical of President Lyndon Johnson’s
administration. A staunch conservative,
he criticized Johnson’s leadership as lacking of direction. Johnson countered by saying that Goldwater’s
aggressive approach would lead to nuclear war.
He lost to Johnson in the 1964 elections.
Answer:
d. conventional
Explanation:
Kohlberg did some studies on morality and proposed a theory on moral development.
Kohlberg defined three different levels of morality (and each level consists in 2 stages). These levels are:
- preconventional,
- conventional and
- postconventional
In the preconventional level, the person's morality is externally controlled and therefore acts based on what the punishment or reward will be (1st stage) or based on how good will it be for him/her to act in some way (2nd stage)
The conventional level stages also have to to with external controls but now the person thinks in function of ensure positive relationships and societal order. The third stage here depends on the approval of others. The fourth stage has to do with accepting rules because they preserve the society order and functioning.
The postconventional level stages are defined in more abstract principles or values. The 5th stage sees the world as a place with different values that must be respected. Finally the 6th stage is based in universal ethical abstract principles.
In this example, Candice is presented with a moral dilemma, she said the person should take a course of action that will ensure that the community will not disapprove of the person's action. We can see that<u> her response has to do with external controls, specifically with the approval of the community as a whole. </u>We know that in the conventional level, the 3rd stage has to do with the approval of others. Therefore, Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development.
