The right to petition members of the government is contained in the First Amendment to the constitution.
Andrew Jackson started the "Bank War" over the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. Proponents of the bank said that it encouraged westward expansion, expanded international commerce using credit, and helped reduce the government's debt. Jackson, on the other hand, was heavily against the BUS, calling it a danger to the liberties of the people. A champion for the rights of the common man, he advocated to protect the farmers and laborers. He claimed that the bank was owned by a small group of upperclass men, who only became richer by pocketing the money paid by the poorer common man for loans.
Jackson argued against the constitutionality of the BUS that was upheld about fourteen years before, during the 1819 McCulloch v. Maryland case. One of the points of the unanimous decision in that case stated that Congress had the power to establish the bank. Jackson, however, said that McCulloch v. Maryland could not prevent him from declaring a presidential veto on the bank if he believed it unconstitutional. He said that the decision in that 1819 case “ought not to control the coordinate authorities of this Government. The Congress, the Executive, and the Court must each for itself be guided by its own opinion of the Constitution," meaning that the 1819 decision could not control his interpretation of the Constitution or prevent him from doing what he thought was right. This point of view earned him the nickname "King Andrew I" from his critics, who saw his use of the veto and his attempted intrusion on congressional power as power-hungry behavior. In the end, Jackson was successful in challenging the bank, as its charter expired in 1836. He had successfully killed the "monster" that was the Bank of the United States.
The US government wanted to win the Space Race, and since they saw the USSR had already put an object into space they needed to catch up or beat them.
For the period of August 1886, eight men which is characterized as anarchists stood convicted in a sensational and controversial trial. It is not fair for the eight men to be put on trial for the Haymarket square riot because the jury was deliberated to be biased and no solid evidence was opened linking the defendants to the bombing. Judge Joseph E. Gary enacted the death sentence on seven of the men and the eighth was punished to 15 years in prison. Dated November 11, 1887 the four of the men were hanged and the additional three who were sentenced to death, one committed suicide on the eve of his execution and the other two had their death sentences commuted to life in prison by Governor Richard J. Oglesby. The governor act in response to extensive public questioning of their guilt in which later led his successor Governor John P. Altgeld to pardon the three activists still living in 1893.In the aftermath of the Haymarket Square Riot and following trial and implementations, the public opinion was separated. For some people the proceedings ran to a sensitive anti-labor sentiment while others as well as labor organizers around the world understood the men had been sentenced unfairly and beheld them as martyrs.
