Montesquieu was the one that coined te term "checks and balances" and applied it but the Ancient Roman Republic used it first, the Roman Senate made up of the wealthy class was checked by the veto power Tribunes, who were charged with protecting the interests of the plebeians. In the Holy Roman Empire, the Church became a moral check against the absolute power of the temporal rulers. The Magna Carta was an agreement by which English Lords were able to check the absolute power of the King. Protestantism served as a check on the monopoly on spiritual power held by the Roman church.
The term diaspora refers to the scattering of people from their original country to other places (Cambridge dictionary) A popular example to understand this term, is the historical Jewish diaspora.
