North American and Eurasian.
Things like marital status, social support, bereavement, home and work environments, social status, and social integration are examples of psychosocial factors that may affect pain. For instance, a person who is under a lot of stress from their job or family life may have a reduced pain threshold.
<h3>Psychosocial factors associated with persistent pain in people with HIV?</h3>
Several psychosocial factors, including depression, psychologic distress, post-traumatic stress, drug abuse, sleep disturbance, reduced antiretroviral therapy adherence, healthcare use, missed HIV clinic visits, unemployment, and protective psychologic factors, were associated with pain outcomes in people with HIV, according to a meta-analysis and literature review published in the journal Pain.
- In a sample of individuals with HIV and pain, researchers included 46 observational or experimental studies, of which 37 contributed data for the meta-analysis, reporting on the connection between more than one psychosocial factor and more than one pain-related variable.
- The majority of the studies under review (83%) were carried out in the United States, and participants were primarily recruited through HIV clinics or using a variety of tactics, such as community outreach and recruitment from substance misuse clinics.
- The investigations revealed that there was a lot of variation in how pain and psychosocial factors were measured. 63 percent of the studies were rated as medium quality by the researchers, two were rated as high quality, and 15 were rated as low quality. Additionally, they stated that the most typical flaws included ambiguous reporting of response rates, a lack of justification for sample size a priori, and inadequate reporting of HIV and pain characteristics.
- For those with HIV, chronic pain continues to be a common and incapacitating issue in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Psychosocial interventions may be effective in reducing the effects of this discomfort. Research is necessary to pinpoint the psychosocial processes that these treatments should aim to address, though.
- The evidence regarding psychosocial aspects related to pain, disability, and quality of life in people with HIV and persistent pain was evaluated in the current systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies that involved an adult sample of adults with HIV and pain and reported on the relationship between one or more psychosocial factors and one or more pain-related variables were acceptable.
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Answer:
Oral
Explanation:
In the psychoanalytic perspective, Oral stage of development takes place between 0-18 months old. During this stage, the child's main focus of rewards comes from the mouth (nursing).
When the child didn't get the adequate amount of attention in this age, either by lack of feeding or by being overfed, an <u>oral fixation</u> would appear.
An individual who is fixated in this age is usually a dependant person who is seeking for the approval of others, these individuals also tend to be dependant of others, looking for these other people to fulfill their needs. In a few words, individuals have a <u>very important need of affection. </u>
In this example <u>Byron is always looking to others for advice, approval and affection</u>. Therefore, we can say that he is fixated at the oral stage
According to bracha et al. (2004), Freeze, flee, fight, or flight is the sequence of responses in a potentially threatening situation.
<h3>
What is a fight, flight, and freeze called and what is trauma response?</h3>
- A physiological response that takes place in response to a perceived detrimental event, attack, or threat to survival is known as the fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-or-freeze response (also known as hyperarousal or the acute stress response).
- Walter Bradford Cannon was the first to describe it.
- The trauma response is how we manage distressing events.
- We all have different coping mechanisms for dealing with traumatic events, and we each choose the one that best suits our requirements.
- There are four different coping strategies we might employ: fight, flight, freeze, or fawn.
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