The major events that increased polarization on the world stage from the close of world war II through 1961 had to do with the Cold War between Russia and the US--primarily proxy wars such as the Korean War.
The Crittenden Compromise (December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States.
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The enforcement Acts were acts recommended by Grant and imposeed by congress to try to protect black voters from intimidation and violence.