It is also known as the war guilt clause , it was the opening article of the reparations section of the treaty of versailles which ended the first world war between the german empire and the allied and associated powers.germans viewed this clause as a national humiliation, forcing germany to accept full responsibility for starting the war.
There were several actions of the government around the turn of the century that social Darwinists would disapproved of, but one of the major ones was aid to the poor.
An individual or group claimed control over a territory and forced the population to submit. In this way the state formed a sovereignty and those in charge formed a government. Just like the 4 characteristics of a state.