In the Cold War, the United States (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were at odds with each other because of strongly different worldviews. The USA was committed to capitalism and democratic institutions of government, whereas the USSR was committed to communism and imposed authoritarian government. Initially, the USA had atomic weapons and the USSR did not. (The US would not share that technology with the Soviets, who had been their ally in World War II.) But once the Soviets developed their own atomic weaponry, this led to a massive arms race between the superpowers. The two nations kept escalating their weapons capabilities and stockpiles. It got to the point that if the two sides did plunge into war, they would face mutually assured destruction. John Foster Dulles, the Secretary of State under President Eisenhower, wanted a change from what had been the "containment policy" which the US had followed during the Truman Administration, as recommended then by American diplomat George F. Kennan. Dulles felt the containment approach put the United States in a weak position, because it only was reactive, trying to contain communist aggression when it occurred. Dulles sought to push America's policy in a more active direction; some have labeled his approach "brinkmanship." In an article in LIFE magazine in 1956, Dulles said, "The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art." He wasn't afraid to threaten massive retaliation against communist enemy countries as a way of intimidating them.
Eventually (after decades of the arms race and tensions) the US and USSR would pursue policies of detente, which included pledges to reduce their nuclear arsenals. The arms race and solving the arms race were constant issues affecting the Cold War.
Answer:
Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a multistep extraction process in which fossil fuel-bearing rock formations are drilled and fractured using huge amounts of water. Oil and gas reserves that were at one time considered inaccessible are now available to be exploited. While the fracking process has expanded oil and gas development, it has also expanded risks to water resources.
Explanation:
There are a few ways:
<span>1) The most common is on appeal from state courts. A case originating in state court must work its way through the state court system up to the state's court of last resort (i.e. state supreme court), and then it can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, but only if there is a substantial question involving a question of U.S. constitutionality. </span>
<span>2) On appeal through the Federal court system. A common route for a case involving Federal laws and the U.S. Constitution is for it to be first tried in the U.S. District Courts, and then appealed to the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals. The party losing at the Circuit Court may then appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. </span>
<span>In each of these two situations, the Supreme Court has the option to deny a hearing for the appeal. </span>
<span>3) There are a limited scope of cases that can go directly to the U.S. Supreme Court without having to go through the lower court systems. This is not common at all, but is provided for in Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution</span>
<span>The </span>Meiji Restoration<span> in Japan laid the groundwork for massive </span>economic<span> development, industrialization, and the building of the great power.</span>
