Answer:
All the given statements are correct except b.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of drug or a chemical that would normally limit its growth or kill it.
It makes it difficult for the existing drugs to eliminate the infection as they become less effective against the microbe.
There are five major mechanisms by which a microbe attains resistance against antimicrobial chemical or drug:
- Drug modification or inactivation: A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. For example, few bacteria produce β-lactamases which provide multi-resistance against β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin etc.
- Alteration or modification of target site: An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. For example, alteration of penicillin binding protein (PBP) in Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(MRSA).
- Alteration of metabolic pathway: The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. For example, sulfonamides-resistant bacteria started using preformed folic acid in place of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
- Decreased drug accumulation: Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent (before it could do any damage) by pumping it out of the cell.
- Decrease in cell permeability: The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) works at the level of the collecting duct to either increase absorption of water in order to maintain plasma volume and thus blood pressure. <span>This hormone is synthesized by special nerve cells of the hypothalamus and then transported to the pituitary gland where the hormone is released from vesicles into the bloodstream. Vasopressin is released in response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity. His functions are to reabsorb water back into the circulation, from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephrons and to constricts arterioles (raises arterial blood pressure). </span>
Energy is stored in the organelle mitochondria and is released by the process of ATP. Usually the release of energy can be evident by the appearance of respiration.
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Answer:
The correct answer will be option- All are correct options
Explanation:
Cancer is a disease which is caused by the abnormality in the cell growth cycle mechanism which leads to the continuous division of cells without differentiation and dedifferentiation.
This leads to the formation of a group of undifferentiated cells called a tumor. The tumour cells lose the property of contact inhibition and thus spread to other parts of the body. They require nutrients to grow so they induce the formation of blood vessels.
Thus, all the options are correct.
