It is the assumption or admission that two or more groups, individuals, or ideas of groups or individuals, are equal, of equal value, or both true.
The best way to punctuate the sentence is: "We enjoyed perfect skiing weather," my friends told me. "The sun came out and the wind died down completely."
The type of claim this author is making is: Claim of policy. Why? Because what this type of claim asserts is that something should or should not be done. A key here is the verb<em> "should"</em>. In this case, the claim from this historical essay would be <em>"Washington, D.C., should not become the 51st state".</em>
The type of evidence the author should use to best support the claim would be a judgement evidence since there is nothing in history which prove this assumption to be true. However, he is making an assumption using his judgements that he will need to explain and argue afterwards.
Example: The investment for the capital would be distributed among the other cities and towns of this supposed 51st state.
Answer:
"...a Swedish astronomer..." renames "Samantha Bernard"
Answer:
The answer is the second one.
Explanation:
I say this because the second one sounds more formal and makes more sense.