1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
vitfil [10]
3 years ago
11

The complement pathway is a critical mechanism for eliminating microbes, and is comprised of more than 30 proteins that are cons

titutively produced. Many of these proteins are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes, and become active proteases when they are cleaved by an upstream member of the complement cascade. Importantly, the initiation of the complement cascade does not rely on the presence of antimicrobial antibodies, as:___________. 1. any antibody can activate the complement cascade, regardless of whether it has bound the pathogen 2. complement activation will induce antibody production 3. antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces 4. the pathway can still induce inflammation even in the absence of initiating signals to activate the complement cascade
Biology
1 answer:
BaLLatris [955]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.

Explanation:

There are three pathways of complement activation:

  • The classical pathway.
  • The alternative pathway.
  • The lectin pathway.

The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.

The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.

The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.

You might be interested in
What are the 2 differences between Plant and animal cells?
wel

Answer:

A difference between plant cells and animal cells is that most animal cells are round whereas most plant cells are rectangular. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.

Explanation:

brianliest plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

3 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
"match the terms below on the left with the definitions to their right. do this by inserting into" ​ principal-agent problem
nata0808 [166]
The principal-agent problem could be defined by saying that it is an agent who benefits from the effort of others without having even participated in the joint effort. It is a concept that is to be linked more broadly to the problems of information asymmetry.

<span>The term moral hazard refers to a type of market failure where the existence of insurance against a certain risk increases the likelihood of the occurrence of the event causing the risk.</span>

<u>The right answer is:</u>
Principal-agent problem matches with 2
Asymmetric information matches with 3
Adverse selection matches with 4
Moral hazard matches with 1
4 0
3 years ago
If the "free" water molecule concentration outside of a cell is higher than that inside the cell, the solution outside of the ce
lubasha [3.4K]
... termed "hypotonic," meaning less solids (or more diluted) than inside the cell. For fluid movement in/out of cells, water will diffuse (via osmosis) from the hypotonic solution to the hypertonic one, assuming a permeable barrier (i.e. cell membrane) allows it. With this case, water will flow into the cell from outside.
7 0
3 years ago
Natural killer (NK) cells __________. Natural killer (NK) cells __________. engage in immunological surveillance recognize and k
Nikitich [7]

Answer:

NK cells<em><u> perform all of these roles</u></em>

<em><u /></em>

hope this helps

-lvr

5 0
3 years ago
Choose the group that is in order from less specific traits to more specific traits:
sergejj [24]

The answer is B, I'm pretty sure.

6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Other questions:
  • How will the molecules in this illustration move as a result of diffusion
    7·1 answer
  • Give an example of an acid you can drink?
    14·2 answers
  • 7. Some cancers are caused by mutations that stop certain proteins from working. The inactivation of what kind of protein could
    10·1 answer
  • NEED ASAP! Lividity in a dead body is caused by capillaries decaying due to de-oxygenation
    15·1 answer
  • Please help me. No links and please don’t search this I tried it. The answer doesn’t make sense so yah. I Well mark brainliest
    8·1 answer
  • The dichotomous key below provides a way to classify some animals into groups according to their physical characteristics. The k
    10·1 answer
  • What is one use for personality assessments?
    10·1 answer
  • Which of the following statements is TRUE?
    12·1 answer
  • PLEASE HELP ME! ILL GOVE BRAINLIEST
    11·1 answer
  • 7. Explain why there is a difference in the amount of oxygen taken in at rest and during the vigorous activity, (2​
    9·2 answers
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!