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vitfil [10]
3 years ago
11

The complement pathway is a critical mechanism for eliminating microbes, and is comprised of more than 30 proteins that are cons

titutively produced. Many of these proteins are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes, and become active proteases when they are cleaved by an upstream member of the complement cascade. Importantly, the initiation of the complement cascade does not rely on the presence of antimicrobial antibodies, as:___________. 1. any antibody can activate the complement cascade, regardless of whether it has bound the pathogen 2. complement activation will induce antibody production 3. antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces 4. the pathway can still induce inflammation even in the absence of initiating signals to activate the complement cascade
Biology
1 answer:
BaLLatris [955]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.

Explanation:

There are three pathways of complement activation:

  • The classical pathway.
  • The alternative pathway.
  • The lectin pathway.

The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.

The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.

The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.

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Fruit color in a particular plant is controlled by a set of three quantitative trait loci (i.e., QTLs or polygenes), that work i
tankabanditka [31]

Answer:

1/8

Explanation:

Given that the trihybrid parents have AaBbCc genotype for fruit color. The trait is a quantitative trait i.e. each dominant allele will have an additive effect on it. In this case, AaBbCc and AABBCC will not produce same fruit color because AaBbCc has only three loci contributing to the color while in AABBCC all the six loci are contributing to the color. For an offspring to be exactly similar to the AaBbCc parents it should have the same genotype of AaBbCc.

The probability of Aa to come from a cross between Aa and Aa is 2/4 or 1/2

The probability of Bb to come from a cross between Bb and Bb is 2/4 or 1/2

The probability of Cc to come from a cross between Cc and Cc is 2/4 or 1/2

So the collective probability of AaBbCc offspring from a cross between AaBbCc and AaBbCc parents would be=

1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/8

Hence, assuming no effects of the environment, 1/8 of the offspring will have the same fruit color phenotype as the trihybrid parent.

4 0
3 years ago
HOW BAD CAN I BE I'M JUST DOING WHAT COMES NATURALLY. HOW BAD CAN I BE I'M JUST FOLLOWING MY DESTINY.. HOW BAD CAN I BE I'M JUST
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You are studying leaf development in a member of the mustard family. You identify several mutants of interest in this plant and
monitta

Answer:

•The relationship between the twist and the wild type flower in the first crossing is known as a COMPLETE DOMINANCE

•The relationship between the forked and the wild type flower in the second crossing is also known as a COMPLETE DOMINANCE

•The relationship between the pale and the wild type flower in the third crossing is known as an INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

Explanation:

A complete dominance is characterised by having one of the genes (the dominant gene) in an heterozygous condition, completely masking the effect of the other (the recessive gene) of thesame allelic pair. E.g. if the genes in allelic is represented with Aa, "A" is said to completely dominate "a" if it does not allow "a" to Express itself phenotypically.

The heterozygous condition is always the result of the F1 generation

and the F2 generation of a Complete dominance is always characterised by a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 which is in line with the results gotten from the first crossing and the second crossing as stated in the question.

An complete dominance is characterised by having an intermediate progeny in the F1 generation which was evident in the result of the third crossing. Also a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1 in the F2 generation is also a characteristic feature of an Incomplete dominance relationship which was also evident in the third crossing.

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