A punnet square determines all of the ways in which alleles can combine. It may be used to predict ratios of offspring genotypes and phenotypes. However, Punnet squares cannot determine actual outcomes. They can only predict the possibility for things to happen. The exception to this takes place when the cross occurs with two homozygous dominant or recessive genes and the resulting offspring is either be 100% homozygous dominant or recessive.
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The Miller–Urey experiment (or Miller experiment) was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. The experiment supported Alexander Oparin's and J. B. S.
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The envelope is an outer lipid bilayer that is studded with proteins. The function of the envelope is to identify and bind some receptor sites on the host membranes. After fusing with the cell membrane, it allows to capsid and genetic material to enter the cell and infect it.
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Genetic engineering can be used to move genes from the chromosomes of one organism into those of another.
