These lines are called cross-contour lines.
Cross-contour lines are used in making nice pieces of art but most importantly they are a huge helping tool. These cross-contour lines can help people understand the solid form and the appearance of object from different perspectives and vantage points. Thus they are invaluable learning tool.
the marginal social benefit of producing and consuming another unit equals the marginal social cost.
Esmeralda fell of her skateboard and needed help. she would be least likely to get immediate help if her accident happened at a busy interaction.
According to a social psychological hypothesis known as the "bystander effect" or "bystander apathy," people are less inclined to assist a victim when other people are around. Since it was first introduced in 1964, a great deal of study, primarily in the lab, has concentrated on a wide range of topics, including the number of bystanders, ambiguity, group cohesion, and the dispersion of blame that supports mutual denial. However, if a group is required to complete the task, each member will have a weak sense of responsibility and will frequently shrink back in the face of difficulties or responsibilities. If a single individual is asked to complete the task alone, the sense of responsibility will be strong, and there will be a positive response.
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In some research, the researchers are not able to use random assignments to divide participants among groups. Instead, they compare preexisting groups, which results in a quasi-experimental design.
Random assignments are those which are given as a matter of chance to ensure fairness and equal opportunity for all participants. Here participants forming multiple groups are with similar characteristics. So all groups are the same at the start of the experiment.
A quasi-experimental design applies a non-random method, and subjects are assigned to preexisting groups. There are some situations where true experiments can't be used for practical reasons. In such cases, a quasi-experimental design is a suitable tool.
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