D) each parent passes only one factor for each trait to its offspring
The plasma membrane of the enveloped alga cell serves as the source of the apicoplast's second outermost membrane.
<h3>Where did all chloroplasts come from?</h3>
Chloroplasts were first established in eukaryotes through an endosymbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium; they later spread through the evolution of eukaryotic hosts and the subsequent engulfment of eukaryotic algae by formerly nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes.
<h3>How did eukaryotic cells develop mitochondria and chloroplasts?</h3>
Chloroplasts and mitochondria most likely developed from engulfed bacteria that once existed as autonomous organisms. An aerobic bacterium was eventually swallowed by a eukaryotic cell, which later established an endosymbiotic bond with the host eukaryote and gradually transformed into a mitochondrion.
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Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere during the nitrogen cycle in a process referred to as denitrification.
<h3>What is denitrification?</h3>
It is a process whereby nitrogen becomes mineralized from nitrogenous compounds. In other words, it is the reduction of nitrates to produce elemental nitrogen which is returned to the atmosphere.
Denitrification is a microorganisms-driven process. The nitrates are made to pass through a series of reactions with intermediate products before finally leading to the production of elemental nitrogen.
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