They did it by being better than anyone else at metalworking. They had a strong and developed iron industry and they traded a lot with other nations so they could amass large amounts of wealth. They also made textile out of cotton and had large amounts of gold, so it was easy for them to become dominant.
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The election was important because it was federalist v anti federalist. The events that made it were that there were fights and chaos. There was also a victory for democratic-republicans.
C. Divine theory
Or more specifically, the divine-right theory (since the divine theory only establishes that an action's morality and rightness is derived from god, whereas the divine right theory argues that a king is given the right to rule by a god).
I’m not sure when you say U.S. but the Republicans supported the idea of state rights. (If you could clarify you question I could help more).
