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In Chinese dynasties, the loss of the Mandate of Heaven.
Most commonly, fixed expenses will increase the price of the product (as an additional cost with Variable cost)
meanwhile, profits will be used to buy the stuffs that will be needed to continue operation in the next quarter
<span>In the early 1840s, thousands of families sold their land and began the nearly 2,000-mile trek west to Oregon and California. Most headed out from Independence or St. Louis, Missouri in Conestoga wagons. Americans nicknamed these wagons “prairie schooners” because they moved like cargo ships across the endless plains.
</span><span>The Conestoga wagon was large enough for families to carry all of their furniture and supplies for the trip, as well as some livestock and seed for their first crop. On their journey, families passed through territory claimed by three nations—the United States, Mexico, and Britain. At the time, both the United States and Great Britain claimed Oregon, and Mexico controlled California. The goal for these families was to journey through the Great American Desert, reaching the fertile river valleys of Oregon and California beyond it.
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Emigrants Crossing the Plains, 1867. Painting by Albert Bierstadt. Painting located in the National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
While many individuals journeyed west because of cheap land, others made the trip in hopes of striking it rich. In 1848, workers building Sutter’s mill near Sacramento, California, discovered small pieces of gold in the riverbed. Within a year, rumors of the discovery of gold had spread to the east coast and thousands of Americans began the journey west believing they were going to strike it rich. The first prospectors to arrive were called “forty-niners,” and they used a simple panning technique to find gold. Later, these prospectors were replaced by large-scale mining operations that made use of steam-powered machines to find the ore. The discovery of gold in the west represented another impetus for westward migration and villages like San Francisco were transformed from small towns to boomtowns overnight, luring even more individuals to California.
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Senate Ambassador House of Representatives U.S. Department of State.
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The fifteenth century was an exciting time in Europe. People became more interested in the world around them. The invention of movable type helped spread information and new ideas. Artists and writers flourished. At the same time, nations saw trade as a way of increasing their wealth. Merchants dreamed of new sources for goods such as gold and spices. For centuries, Arab traders had controlled existing trade routes to Africa and Asia, which meant European merchants were forced to buy from Italian traders at high prices. They wanted to trade directly with Africa and Asia, but this meant that they had to find a new sea route. The stakes were high. Whoever succeeded in establishing trade relationships would in all likelihood become rich and achieve great famefor himself and for his country. However, exploration of this nature was very dangerous business. Superstitions persisted about what lay beyond Africa’s Cape of Good Hope, as no European had even seen the west coast of Africa beyond the Sahara. There were no maps or charts and very little knowledge of winds or currents.
Since the Portuguese were at peace and not locked in war the way France and England were, they became the first to accept the challenge of sailing uncharted waters, thanks to Prince Henry, who became known as Prince Henry the Navigator. Though Prince Henry did not sail himself, he made it possible for others to do so. He set up a center for exploration where interested people could share their knowledge of geography. Here they learned all they could about maps and navigation, including the use of the magnetic compass and the astrolabe. Portuguese shipbuilders developed a new kind of ship called a caravel, which could sail into the wind as well as with the wind. Armed with this knowledge, Portugal led the way. During the 1440s, brave sailors set sail and explored the African coast farther than ever before. In 1488 Bartholomeu Dias managed to sail around the southern tip of Africa, only to turn back because the crew was afraid to continue. Ten years later, Vasco da Gama completed the voyage around Africa and on to India. These accomplishments paved the way for others to explore and reach the riches of Asia. Even more important, Prince Henry’s sailors overcame the fear of the unknown and led the way for others to turn westward to the Atlantic and the Americas, where eventually the small settlement of Jamestown would be born.
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