The best answer is Abrasion.
Subsoil: This layer has normally less organic matter than the A horizon, so its colour is mainly derived from iron oxides. Iron oxides and clay minerals accumulate as a result of weathering. In a soil, where substances move down from the topsoil, this is the layer, where they accumulate.
Note: This information has been taken out of a website.
Answer:
I think it's because of a war they fought and they never won so they never got their independence :3
Explanation:
:3
The polar ice capes, the change in genetics of certain animal fossils (growing more or less hair, etc. etc.)
