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Luden [163]
3 years ago
12

Which of the following terms refers to using wooden structures or mechanical or hydraulic systems to support the sides of an exc

avation?
Advanced Placement (AP)
1 answer:
soldier1979 [14.2K]3 years ago
8 0

Protective systems are methods of protecting workers from cave-ins of material that can fall or roll into an excavation, or from the collapse of nearby structures. As mentioned in earlier chapters, if an excavation is less than 5 feet deep, OSHA does not require a protective systems unless the competent person sees signs of a potential cave-in. (It is important to remember that a wall collapse in a trench four and 1/2 feet deep can still have serious results!) For trenches between 5 feet and 20 feet deep, shoring and sheeting, shielding, sloping and benching are all acceptable protective measures. It is up to the planners of the construction project and the competent person on site to determine which systems will work best. If an excavation is greater than 20 feet deep, a registered professional engineer must design the protective system.

Shoring systems are structures of timber, mechanical, or hydraulic systems that support the sides of an excavation and which are designed to prevent cave-ins.Sheeting is a type of shoring system that keeps the earth in position. It can be driven into the ground or work in conjunction with a shoring system. Driven sheeting is most frequently used for excavations open for long periods of time. Another type of sheeting, in which plates or shoring grade plywood (sometimes called Finland form) is used in conjunction with strutted systems such as hydraulic or timber shoring. These strutted systems are also referred to as active systems. The most frequently used strutted system involves aluminum hydraulic shoreswhich are lightweight, re-usable and installed and removed completely from above 

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[This is an essay question from APUSH, PLS help] Analyze how western expansion contributed to growing sectional tensions between
klio [65]

Answer: Louisiana Purchase in 1803

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• Erie Canal: meant to connect East and West

- no improvements made to connect north and south

• Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820 (11 slave and 11 free states when Missouri asked to be admitted to the Union as a slave state) was authored by Henry Clay, "the Great Compromiser."

- Maine was admitted as a free state; Missouri, as a slave state; all future states north of 36 '30 with the exception of Missouri, would come into the Union as free states.

• Tariff of Abominations favored the north, but south was very upset

- This lead to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and southern states threatened to secede

- money from tariff could have been used to expand west

• Railroads begin to replace canals as the heart of the American transportation system (1830s and forward); most railroads ran east to west, helping to cement the North/West alliance.

• Gag rule was adopted (1836); this informal rule in Congress allowed slavery petitions to the House of Representatives to be automatically tabled, thus putting off divisive debates over the issue of slavery. The use of the gag rule lasted until 1844.

• New parties popping up everywhere against slavery in westward expansion (ex. Liberty Party)

• James K.Polk (Democrat) favored westward expansion.

- "54 40 or fight" (campaign slogan)

• Oregon Treaty (1846) resulted in the British-American boundary being set at the 49th parallel.

- South wanted more land for the expansion of slavery

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) confirmed the United States title to Texas and gave the United States the Mexican Cession, which included California; the United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and assumed a $3,250,000 payment to United States citizens with claims against Mexico.

• Free soil party joined with Free Liberty party after treaty to oppose slavery in new areas

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- New Mex and Utah pop sovereignty

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- stricter fugitive slave law

• Wilmot Proviso that said land from war with Mexico will be free

Thesis: As America started to gain more western land, new parties popped up that wanted to stop the expansion of slavery, while southerners were not in favor of treaties that made new land free because they wanted to get wealth, while south threatened to secede the nation because of their pro slavery views.

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