Murray River provides hydroelectric power and water for irrigation
The igneous rocks are the basic material for the formation of the two other rocks types, the sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. These rocks are the first that form. They form from the magma that has cooled inside the crust, or by the lava flows on the surface. Over time, the weathering and erosion start to break them apart little by little, creating sediments from them. These sediments are the founding block for the formation of the sedimentary rocks. Once these sediments are exposed to certain temperatures and pressures they start to become compact again, which is made possible through the cementation process that keeps them together. As more and more sediments are merged together, the sedimentary rocks are formed, and they can come in multiple different types, sizes, shapes, as well as compositions, and structures.
The world’s ocean is crucial to heating the planet. While land areas and the atmosphere absorb some sunlight, the majority of the sun’s radiation is absorbed by the ocean. Particularly in the tropical waters around the equator, the ocean acts a as massive, heat-retaining solar panel. Earth’s atmosphere also plays a part in this process, helping to retain heat that would otherwise quickly radiate into space after sunset.
The ocean doesn't just store solar radiation; it also helps to distribute heat around the globe. When water molecules are heated, they exchange freely with the air in a process called evaporation. Ocean water is constantly evaporating, increasing the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air to form rain and storms that are then carried by trade winds, often vast distances. In fact, almost all rain that falls on land starts off in the ocean. The tropics are particularly rainy because heat absorption, and thus ocean evaporation, is highest in this area. Outside of Earth’s equatorial areas, weather patterns are driven largely by ocean currents. Currents are movements of ocean water in a continuous flow, created largely by surface winds but also partly by temperature and salinity gradients, Earth’s rotation, and tides (the gravitational effects of the sun and moon). Major current systems typically flow clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, in circular patterns that often trace the coastlines. Ocean currents act much like a conveyer belt, transporting warm water and precipitation from the equator toward the poles and cold water from the poles back to the tropics. Thus, currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface. Without currents, regional temperatures would be more extreme—super hot at the equator and frigid toward the poles—and much less of Earth’s land would be habitable.
South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It has had a rich colonial history since the seventeenth century. In 1652, the Dutch came and founded a colony on the Cape.
After a century and a half of Dutch colonization, the Cape Colony was taken over by the United Kingdom. As a result, a large number of Dutch-speaking settlers, known as Boers, migrated inland with the Great Trek and founded several Boer states, of which the South African Republic and the Orange Free State were ultimately the most important. These republics were conquered by the British in 1902 in the Second Boer War and united together with the Cape Colony and Natal to form South Africa in 1910.
In the 20th century, South Africa was overshadowed by apartheid, a system of racial segregation that systematically disadvantaged the non-white population. Apartheid was abolished in 1990 and Nelson Mandela was elected South Africa's first black president in 1994.
South Africa is a country with diverse population groups and eleven official languages. The country is a parliamentary republic with three capitals and is one of the most developed countries in the continent, but poverty and crime rates remain high.
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