1. Energy from the Sun ejects electrons from chlorophyll and splits water molecules to yield hydrogen ions.
Pigments inside the photosystems absorb light energy. Energy is transferred to reaction center, where electron is boosted at higher level. Electron is then passed to an acceptor molecule, replaced with an electron from H2O. and O2 is released.
2. Electrons move down the electron transport chain, releasing energy that pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
Electron releases energy because it goes from a higher to a lower energy level.
3. The concentration of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space increase
Released energy of electrons drives pumping of hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior, building a proton gradient.
4. Hydrogen ions diffuse across the thylakoid membrane into the stroma through ATP synthase.
The only way for hydrogen ions to move down the gradient is through ATP synthase.
5. ATP synthase uses the energy released as hydrogen ions move from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration to make ATP.
ATP synthase is an enzyme that use proton gradient to make ATP from ADP and Pi.
Biomes
are very large ecological areas on the earth’s surface, with fauna and flora
(animals and plants) adapting to their environment. Biomes are often defined by
abiotic factors such as climate, relief, geology, soils and vegetation.
A biome<span> is NOT an ecosystem,
although in a way it can look like a massive ecosystem. If you take a closer
look, you will notice that plants or animals in any of the biomes have special
adaptations that make it possible for them to exist in that area. You may find
many units of ecosystems within one biome.
There are five major categories of biomes on earth. In these five, there are
many sub-biomes, under which are many more well defined ecosystems.
</span>
<span>The Desert Biom - Deserts
makeup about 20% of total land cover on earth and are characterized by
little (less than 50cm/yr) or no rainfall. Desert biomes come in four major kinds—
each of these having their unique features but have similarities in their
biotic and abiotic makeup. They are the Hot and Dry Deserts, Semi Arid
Deserts, Coastal Deserts and Cold Deserts, and within these are many
deserts located in many places of the world.</span>
The Aquatic Biome<span> - This
includes all water bodies on the earth’s surface. Aquatic biomes are grouped
into two, Freshwater Biomes (lakes and ponds, rivers and streams,
wetlands) and Marine Biomes (oceans,
coral reefs and estuaries). These biomes make up about 73% of the total
earth’s surface.</span>
The Forest Biome<span> - Forests
makeup about 30% of the total land cover on earth and are of incredible value
to life on earth. They are a
store of carbon and play a very important role in climate control. They have a watershed role and are a source of many raw materials that humans depend on. </span>
The
Grassland Biomes:<span> <span>There are
two main types of grassland biomes: the Savanna Grasslands and the Temperate
Grasslands. </span></span>
The Tundra
Biomes:<span> <span>There are
two major tundra biomes—The Artic Tundra and the Alpine Tundra. </span></span>
Those trees cannot grow unless they are part of a larger, inter-connected community
each Interconnected communities usually benefit support the living of other organism simply by doing its own daily activities. Without it, it's hard for some organisms to survive on their own
There are a lot more than three properties of the atmosphere, but the three main ones are:
<span>- humidity </span>
<span>- temperature </span>
<span>- pressure</span>
