Water<span> issuing from a </span>hot spring<span> is heated geothermally, that is, with heat produced from the Earth's mantle. ... The rate of temperature increase with depth is known as the geothermal gradient. If </span>water<span> percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with </span>hot<span> rocks.</span>
angle of incoming sunlight
Explanation:
The single feature that primarily determines the variation in climate in different parts of the world is the angle of incoming sunlight.
- Climate is simply an extended study of weather over a long period of time.
- The elements of weather like temperature, pressure, rainfall all conditions climate.
- The angle of incoming sunlight is by far the most important factor that determines climatic patterns on the earth.
- Around the equator, the sun is overhead and these regions are usually hot driving a wide range of weather phenomenon.
- The polar and temperate regions receive diffused sunlight because the sun is at an angle there.
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A lunar eclipse can last for a couple of hours and some minutes
Indicator species may provide useful substitute for large scale surveys to monitor biodiversity. Weconducted surveys in the Afro-alpine habitats of the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) with theobjective of identifying indicators for the species richness of the raptor guild. Raptors were countedby scan sampling technique from a suitable vintage point. Three classes of 18 sample units groupedaccording to the variability of the moorland ecosystem in the magnitude of process variables importantfor raptor species richness were used in determining the indicator value of species as a function of their abundance concentration and the percentage of species occurrence per sample group. Thisprocedure determined indicator values for all species in the resident raptor community. Comparisonwith randomly expected values demonstrated that only<span> Aquila verreauxii</span>and<span> A. chrysaetos</span>haveindicator values that were significantly larger than the randomly expected values. The species richnessestimated using the abundances of these two species predicted the observed species richness of thewhole community in a linear regression model that explained 66% of the deviance in the data set.Furthermore, the species richness of the community predicted by process variables had correlation of very high significance with that predicted by the indicator species. We have thus identified twoindicator species to a raptor guild of the BMNP and demonstrated that these two species encapsulatedmost of the information regarding the species richness response of the guild to key process variablesin the Afro-alpine moorland ecosystem. Our findings contribute significantly to current and futureefforts of monitoring the biodiversity of the park providing a cheap and quick means of data generation<span>relevant for making management decisions. Hope this helped! :)</span>
