Answer:
1) True
2) Religious causes
3) to establish an order that guarantees stability in Europe, regardless of religious complaints, sustained on the legal equity of the States, regardless of their size or power.
4) Absolute Monarchy
Explanation:
1) Protestantism, in a broad sense, is linked to any of the Christian groups that emerged in Western Europe that separated from the Roman Church from Martin Luther, founder of the Lutheran churches, and Juan Calvino, founder of the Calvinist movement. Another main aspect of the Reformation, which came into conflict with both the Romanists and other Protestants, is sometimes called the radical or Anabaptist Reformation. In this way, some Western non-Catholic-Roman groups are qualified as Protestants even though the group lacks historical ties with Luther or Calvin.
2) There was a conflict between Catholics and Protestants. One of the main factors that led to the war was the appointment of a Catholic as the new emperor of the Holy Empire, Ferdinand II.
3) The main consequence of the peace of Westphalia was the weakening of the positions of Austria and Spain in Central Europe. At the same time, France, which represented by Cardinal Mazarin, gained numerous territories on its easternmost border, among other places, Metz and Alsace, was very strong. His war with Spain continued until 1659, and ended with the annexation of Roussillon and its promotion to the hegemonic power of the continent, in the peace of the Pyrenees.
The Treaty of Westphalia or meant one of the most important points in European and World History. There, to the East of the Holy Germanic Empire, a modern multilateral Treaty was signed for the first time. For the first time in European history, we talked about nation-states, freedom of religious preaching and international limits.
Winners left France, which during the 30 years War, played 2 sides; Sweden, which intervened in Germany and consolidated as a power. The United Provinces, now called Holland, which after years of rebellion, were recognized as independent.
The Papal States lost most of their power, being Calvinism and Lutheranism recognized as official religions. Spain continued with its slow decline and Austria dragged the defeats of the Catholic League. For the first time, the notion of Homeland and Religion was separated in Europe; From there, Nationalism was born as a not only romantic idea, but also as a fortifying element in a country. That's how it was, how Europe was transformed.
4) The absolute monarchies were the result of the increasing power that the kings were acquiring throughout the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
In this type of regime, the monarch and his court controlled all areas of government, including those related to the creation of laws and the application of justice.
To justify the power acquired by the monarch, the theory of the divine origin of kings emerged. This theory pointed out that God had given the king power, so the unlimited power of kings could not be questioned.
At the same time, the king, thanks to divine right, only responded to God for his actions. This theory was created with the objective of maintaining internal order in countries.
