Materials essential to life processes move across a cell membrane through a variety of methods. What cell membrane structure all
ows water-soluble materials to be passively transported to the cytoplasm? A. hydrophilic phospholipid tails
B. Golgi complex vesicles
C. carrier proteins
D. endocytosis vesicles
The core of the cell membrane is made up of hydrophobic tails of phospholipid. It does not allow the water-soluble material to move across the membrane. Carrier proteins are the membrane proteins that serve as transporters.
The carrier proteins bind the ion or water-soluble molecules and undergo changes in shape. This transports the molecule across the membrane. Carrier proteins serve in passive facilitated diffusion and active transport. The carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion transport the molecules down the concentration gradient without any expenditure of energy.
By using genetic engineering to insert the gene for the desired enzyme into the bacterial chromosome, then growing large amounts of the modified bacteria in fermenters.
An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction. An increase in temperature will raise the average kinetic energy of the reactant molecules. Therefore, a greater proportion of molecules will have the minimum energy necessary for an effective collision (Figure. 17.5 “Temperature and Reaction Rate”).
GreaterSurfaceArea
The rate of a chemical reaction can be raised by increasing the surface area of a solid reactant. ... more particles are exposed to the other reactant. there are more collisions. the rate of reaction increases.
Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction rate without getting consumed in the process. Catalysts typically speed up a reaction by reducing the activation energy or changing the reaction mechanism.
