States had emerged as an uncontested authority in Europe.
Nullification is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law it deems unconstitutional. ... In "South Carolina Exposition and Protest", Calhoun argued that a state could veto any federal law that went beyond the enumerated powers and encroached upon the residual powers of the State.
Answer:
I think it is the first. But I am going to give you my source and then you can decide too.
Explanation:
Both colonies were founded in the 1600s. They were both havens of religious freedom; Massachusetts primarily had the Puritans, and Pennsylvania primarily had the Quakers. Both areas were rich in natural resources, such as lumber.
